Current research investigates the phenomenon of ‘crowding out’ – the proposition that, in contradiction to standard economic theory, in certain circumstances material incentives can have a ...

Frey, Bruno S., and Felix Oberholzer-Gee. "The Cost of Price Incentives: An Empirical Analysis of Motivation Crowding-Out." American Economic Review 87, no. 4 (September 1997): 746–755.

Germany, Europe's largest economy, has been in a deep industrial recession, due in great part to subsidised Chinese output crowding out German products at a time when soaring energy costs at home ...