Prior to the Civil War, racism and white supremacy had been ... while members of the White League (1874) and the Red Shirts (1875) were publicly known. All four groups used violence to intimidate ...

Because federal troops had been stationed in Austin after the Civil War, many formerly enslaved Black Americans found a safe place to raise their families in Austin.

Historians describe the violent conditions that prevailed in the American South after the Civil War, as freed slaves ... like the White League in Louisiana, the Knights of the White Camelia ...

Black soldiers symbolized the hopes and aspirations African Americans had for true democracy in the United States after the war. Conversely, many white Americans viewed ... influence the civil rights ...